3rd Revision of Discussion 2:
Throughout life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. Heroism extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities of a hero.
To be a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery entails being able to defy great odds. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero steps in; the hero encourages and reassures those in danger. A truly brave man assesses the situation at hand and then creates a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will offer him gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to ultimately benefit himself and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others. As displayed in Book X, Odysseus’ men have been turned into pigs by Circe and the only way for them to be changed back into humans is for Circe to do so. Odysseus is informed by Hermes that he will have to eat an herb Moly to protect himself against Circe’s drug and then lunge at her. Odysseus states, “...drawing from beside my thigh the sharp sword, rushed forward against Circe as if I were going to kill her...” (X, 321-322). In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to use his wits to trick Circe. He lunges towards her to make her believe he is going to kill her, but in actuality he knows that she will see how charming he looks and fall in love with him. He shows his loyalty to his crew by putting his own fidelity at risk.
Another heroic quality that Odysseus possesses is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many creatures and successfully withdraws himself and most of his men from the creatures and their dangers; although towards the middle of the epic Odysseus loses all of his men. In Books IX and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections to reach his goal of being back home with his beloved wife and son. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitor’s rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that in order to be successful, he must wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
A significant factor that disqualifies an individual from being considered heroic is harming an innocent individual. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if he or she does not harm him or his loyal crew first. Only when his crew is in great danger does Odysseus step in and protect them. There is a significant difference between protection and self-defense and Odysseus knows exactly the right time for both.
Throughout our lives, we are unaware of what a heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is bravery, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and the possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only demonstrates these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Revision Discussion 3:
In Othello, Iago is quite a mischievous character. Iago portrays the image of a sincere, hardworking, loving man, but in reality, he is the complete opposite. From the first act of this play, Iago shows the jealous man he truly is. Every action Iago takes, there is a motive behind it; the action and motive are only to benefit himself, despite what he tells others. Iago’s goal is ultimately to avenge the supposed intercourse that Othello and Iago’s wife took part in. Iago’s talent of being able to manipulate individuals well is depicted through his use of language and manipulating individuals is the key to all of his goals.
In the first act of Othello, Roderigo is upset with Iago because Iago has not yet made Desdemona fall in love with him and has also received the news that Desdemona and Othello have wedded. Iago has tricked Roderigo into giving him money to supposedly bathe Desdemona in lavish gifts so that she will fall in love with Roderigo. In actuality, Iago has not once purchased a gift for Desdemona and has been spending Roderigo’s money on himself. To convince Roderigo that he is doing his best to make Desdemona fall in love with him and that he truly does despise Othello, Iago persuades Roderigo to disguise himself and join him, Othello and others on their journey to Cyprus. Iago persuades Roderigo by saying, “/Put money in thy purse. /Follow thou the wars; defeat thy favor with an unsurped bears. /I say, put money in thy purse” (1.3.342-346). Iago is simply manipulating Roderigo for his money and his own grudge on Othello.
Upon successfully persuading Roderigo to disguise himself and go to Cyprus, his next goal is have the honorable Cassio removed from the Lieutenant position. To have this occur, Iago conjures a plan for Cassio to become inebriated and then commit a crime so vicious that Othello will name Iago Lieutenant instead. Iago states, “If I can fasten but one cup upon him, /With that which he hath drunk tonight already, /He’ll be as full of quarrel and offense/” (2.3. 45-48). Iago’s goal is to change Othello’s perception of who Cassio is. Othello looks at Cassio with honor and respect, but after the fight that Cassio started, Othello is now disgusted with Cassio. Iago successfully changed Cassio’s image from a respectable man to a drunken fool.
With Cassio now out of the picture, Othello now looks at Iago with honor and respect and believes every word he says. Ultimately, Iago wants to “be evened with Othello, wife for wife” (2.1.286) with Othello. To do so Iago exploits Othello’s lack of knowing the difference between appearance versus reality. Now as Othello’s right hand man, Iago is able to feed him lies about Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed relationship. When Othello learns that Cassio has had a dream about Desdemona and held her hand earlier in Cyprus, Othello is overwhelmed with anger. Iago knows that he must prove it to Othello and he does so by placing the handkerchief Othello gave Desdemona in Cassio’s possession. Along with the handkerchief, Iago also hides Othello while he and Cassio speak about a prostitute Cassio has been seeing causing Othello to think that they are talking about Desdemona. Iago is able to further persuade Othello into believing his web of lies by attempting to defend Cassio, thereby making Othello believe that Iago is a truly noble individual.
Time and time again, Iago is able to mask his true identity. He is able to create lie after lie without anyone knowing the real truth. Iago’s amazing ability to divide and conquer truly sets the tone for this play. In addition, Iago is also able to exploit reputations which is an extremely important aspect of daily life for these individuals. Iago’s extreme jealousy is to blame for his demise; he finally becomes caught in his web of lies.
2nd Revision of Discussion 2:
Throughout life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. Heroism extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual nor should he or she be arrogant. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities of a hero.
To be a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery entails being able to defy great odds. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero steps in; the hero encourages and reassures those in danger. A truly brave man assesses the situation at hand and then creates a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will bathe him in gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to ultimately benefit himself and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others. Sometimes, a heroic individual will have to make tough decisions in order to benefit the majority. As displayed in Book XII, Odysseus is faced with the challenging decision to choose the route of either Skylla or Charybdis. Odysseus knows that he will have to sacrifice the lives of himself and some men in order to make it out of the treacherous conditions alive. Odysseus states, “We in fear of destruction kept our eyes on Charybdis, but meanwhile Skylla out of the hollow vesicle snatched six of my companions, the best of them for strength and hands’ work, and when I turned to look at the ship, with my other companions, I saw their feet and hands from below, already lifted high above me and they cried out to me and called me by name, the last time they ever did it in heart’s sorrow” (XII, 244-250). In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to risk the lives of himself and some crew members, but as a hero he knows it is better to lose six rather than all. He also shows his loyalty to his crew by putting his own life in danger as well.
Another heroic quality that Odysseus possesses is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many creatures and successfully withdraws himself and most of his men from the creatures and their dangers. Although towards the end of the epic, Odysseus loses all of his men. In Books IX and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections for the pure thought of being back home with his beloved wife and son. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitor’s rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that in order to be successful, he must wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
A significant factors that disqualifies an individual from being considered heroic is harming an innocent individual. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if he or she do not harm him or his loyal crew first. Only when his crew is in great danger does Odysseus step in and protect them. There is a significant difference between protection and mutilation and Odysseus knows exactly the right time for both.
Throughout our lives, we are unaware of what a heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is bravery, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and the possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only demonstrates these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Discussion 3:
In Othello, Iago is quite a mischievous character. Iago portrays the image of a sincere, hardworking, loving man, but in reality, he is the complete opposite. From the first act of this play, Iago shows his true colors. Every action Iago takes, there is a motive behind it; the action and motive are only to benefit himself, despite what he tells others. Iago’s goal is ultimately to avenge the supposed intercourse that Othello and Iago’s wife took part in. Iago’s talent of being able to manipulate individuals well is depicted through his use of language. Iago’s talent of being able to manipulate individuals is the key to all of his goals.
In the first act of Othello, Roderigo is upset with Iago because Iago has not yet made Desdemona fall in love with him and has also received the news that Desdemona and Othello have also wedded. Iago has tricked Roderigo into giving him money to supposedly bathe Desdemona in lavish gifts so that she will fall in love with Roderigo. In actuality, Iago has not once purchased a gift for Desdemona and has been spending Roderigo’s money on himself. To further convince Roderigo that he is doing his best to make Desdemona fall in love with him and that he truly does despise Othello; Iago persuades Roderigo to disguise himself and join he, Othello and others on their journey to Cyprus.
Iago persuades Roderigo by saying, “...Put money in thy purse. Follow thou the wars; defeat thy favor with an unsurped bears. I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be long that Desdemona should continue her love to the Moor-put money in thy purse-nor he his to her” (1.3 342-346). Iago is simply manipulating Roderigo for his money and his own grudge on Othello.
Upon successfully persuading Roderigo to disguise himself and go to Cyprus, his next goal is have the honorable Cassio removed from the Lieutenant possession. To have this occur, Iago conjures a plan for Cassio to become inebriated and then commit a crime so defiant that Othello names Iago Lieutenant instead. Iago states, “If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk tonight already, He’ll be as full of quarrel and offense As my young mistress’ dog...” (2.3 45-48). Iago’s goal is to change Othello’s perception of who Cassio is. Othello looks at Cassio with honor and respect, but after the fight that Cassio started, Othello is now disgusted with Cassio. Iago successfully changed Cassio’s image from a respectable man to a beast.
With Cassio now out of the picture, Othello now looks at Iago with honor and respect and believes every word he says. Ultimately, Iago wants to go “wife for wife” (2.1 286) with Othello, to do so Iago manipulates Othello’s lack of knowing the difference between appearance versus reality. Now as Othello’s right hand man, Iago is now able to feed him all the lies he has created in his mind about Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed relationship. When Othello learns that Cassio has had a dream about Desdemona and held her hand earlier in Cyprus, Othello is overwhelmed with anger. Iago knows that he must prove it to Othello and he does so by placing the handkerchief Othello gave Desdemona in Cassios possession. Along with the handkerchief, Iago also hides Othello while he and Cassio speak about a prostitute Cassio has been seeing causing Othello to think that they are talking about Desdemona. Iago is able to further persuade Othello into believing his web of lies by attempting to defend Cassio. Thus making Othello believe that Iago is a truly noble individual.
Time and time again, Iago is able to mask his true identity. He is able to create lie after lie without anyone knowing the real truth. Iago’s amazing ability to divide and conquer truly sets the tone for this play. Along with being able to divide and conquer, Iago is also able to exploit reputations which is an extremely important aspect of daily life for these individuals. Iagos extreme jealousy is the only one to blame for his demise, he finally became caught in his web of lies.
Revision Discussion 2:
Throughout life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. Heroism extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual nor should he or she be arrogant. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities of a hero.
To be a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery is being able to defy great odds. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero steps in; the hero encourages and reassures those in danger. A truly brave man assesses the situation at hand and then creates a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will bathe him in gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to hopefully ultimately benefit he and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others. Sometimes, a heroic individual will have to make tough decisions in order to benefit the majority. As displayed in Book XII, Odysseus is faced with the challenging decision to choose the route of either Skylla or Charybdis. Odysseus knows that he will have to sacrifice the lives of some men in order to make it out of the treacherous conditions alive.
Odysseus states, “We in fear of destruction kept our eyes on Charybdis, but meanwhile Skylla out of the hollow vesicle snatched six of my companions, the best of them for strength and hands’ work, and when I turned to look at the ship, with my other companions, I saw their feet and hands from below, already lifted high above me and they cried out to me and called me by name, the last time they ever did it in heart’s sorrow” (XII, 244-250). In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to risk the lives of some crew members, but as a hero he knows it is better to lose six rather than all.
Another heroic quality that Odysseus possesses is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many inhumane creatures and successfully withdraws he and his men from the creatures and their dangers. In Books IX and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections for the excitement of being back home with his beloved wife and son. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitors rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that good things come to those who wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
Several factors that disqualify an individual from being considered heroic are harming an innocent individual and being arrogant. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if they do not harm him or his loyal crew first. Odysseus also conquers many challenges that are deemed impossible by others. Never once does he boast or brag about his accomplishments. Odysseus conquers all because he is a loyal individual and wants to make it back home to his family, not because he wants others to fear him.
Throughout our lives, our image of a hero is shadowed by their stature and magical qualities. We are unaware of what a truly heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is being brave, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only demonstrates these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Discussion 2:
Throughout one’s life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. A heroic figure extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual nor should they be arrogant. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities that consider him to be heroic.
To be qualified as a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery is being able to defy the odds when the odds are against the hero. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero will step in; the hero will encourage and reassure those in danger. A truly brave man will assess the situation at hand and then create a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will bathe him in gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to hopefully ultimately benefit he and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others and complete the mission at hand. Sometimes in situations, a heroic individual will have to make tough decisions in order to benefit the majority. As displayed in Book XII, Odysseus is faced with the challenging decision to choose the route of either Skylla or Charybdis. Odysseus knows that he will have to sacrifice the lives of some men in order to make it out of the treacherous conditions alive.
Odysseus states, “We in fear of destruction kept our eyes on Charybdis, but meanwhile Skylla out of the hollow vesicle snatched six of my companions, the best of them for strength and hands’ work, and when I turned to look at the ship, with my other companions, I saw their feet and hands from below, already lifted high above me and they cried out to me and called me by name, the last time they ever did it in heart’s sorrow” (XII, 244-250).
In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to risk the lives of some crew members, but as a hero he knows it is better to lose six rather than all.
Another heroic quality that I consider Odysseus to possess is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many inhumane creatures and successfully retreats he and his men from the creatures and their dangers. In Books XI and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections for the thought of being back home with his beloved wife. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitors rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that good things come to those who wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
Several factors that disqualify an individual from being considered heroic are harming an innocent individual and being arrogant. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if they do not harm he or his loyal crew first. Odysseus also conquers many challenges that are deemed impossible by others. Never once does he boast or brag about his accomplishments. Odysseus conquers all because he is a loyal individual and wants to make it back home to his family, not because he wants others to fear him.
Throughout our lives, our image of a hero is shadowed by their appearance. We are unaware of what a heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is being brave, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only obtains these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Revision of discussion 1:
Throughout the first half of The Odyssey, there are several codes of behavior that are displayed. The codes of behavior are set forth by the gods, and all mortals are expected to follow the codes. The fate of each mortal is determined based upon their ability to follow each and every code. Those who do not abide by the codes are inevitably cursed. The two most prominent codes of behavior depicted throughout this epic are loyalty and hospitality.
Loyalty is one of the most important codes of behavior depicted in this epic. In The Odyssey, loyalty plays a significant role which extends far beyond the relationship between the King and his subjects, but also the relationship between the gods and mortals. In this epic, loyalty is not just simply about showing respect in front of those of a higher power, and when one is not in their presence as well. This aspect of loyalty is clearly disregarded when it comes to the King and his subjects. A King is supposed to protect and defend his kingdom, and that is exactly what Odysseus planned to do when he departed for Troy. Following Odysseus’ departure from Ithaca, the suitors began to ransack his palace and take part in sexual acts with his servants. Not only did his subjects become disorderly, but they also began to ignore the Queen and Telemachos’ commands, clearly giving off the impression that they do not respect their King. In book one, Telemachos and Athene are speaking and Telemachos describes what is happening in the kingdom since Odysseus has been away for so long.
Telemachos states, “...all these men are after my mother for marriage, and wear my house out. And she does not refuse the hateful matter, nor is she able to make an end to the matter...” (I, 248-249).
In the aspect of mortals being loyal to the Gods and vice versa, mortals are supposed to show their loyalty by making animal sacrifices using the best meat of the animal, pouring wine on the ground, praying and building temples. Gods on the other hand are supposed to provide mortals with guidance and advice when they are in need. For example, in book seven Athene disguises herself as a child and guides Odysseus to the palace of Alkinoos. Athene also advises Odysseus whom he should speak to when he reaches the kingdom.
Fidelity is another significant aspect of loyalty revealed in this epic. The main, most important act of faithfulness is between Penelope and Odysseus. Despite the fact that Odysseus had been away for twenty years and the suitors planned on raiding his palace until Penelope chose a new spouse, Penelope never once betrayed her husband to ease her struggles. As shown in book two, Penelope deceives her suitors by unweaving the shroud she had been publicly weaving for the past three years.
Another extremely important code of behavior illustrated in this epic is the code of hospitality which is enforced by Zeus. The hospitality code simply states that the host is supposed to provide his guest with entertainment, food, wine, protection, a bed and parting gifts. Hosts are supposed to provide their guests with all of these lavish essentials before they obtain the name of their guest. On the guest’s part, they are supposed to render their personal information to their host. The information they should bestow upon their host is their name, their father’s name, where they are from, the purpose of their journey, and most importantly, gratitude towards their host. An example of well displayed hospitality is when Telemachos and Peisistratos arrive in Sparta at the home of Menelaos and Helen.
Menelaos states, “Help yourselves to the food and welcome, and then afterward, when you have tasted dinner, we shall ask you who among men you are, for the stock of your parents can be no lost one...” (IV, 60-62).
Upon conclusion of the first half of The Odyssey, several different codes of behaviors have been displayed. The two most prominent codes being loyalty and hospitality. The mortals in this epic know very well that their fate is dependent upon how they adhere to the codes of behaviors. Many do adhere to the codes, but some tend to stray away which inevitably leads to trouble. Throughout this epic, those who have decided to disobey the codes of behavior have suffered greatly and those who obey the codes of behavior, often receive the help that they desire. The codes of behavior that are set forth in this epic are all for the good of the mortals, but some do not realize that the Gods are actually looking out for their well-being.
Discussion 1
Throughout the first half of The Odyssey, there are several codes of behavior that are displayed. The codes of behavior are set forth by the Gods, and all mortals are expected to follow the codes. The fate of each mortal is determined based upon their ability to follow each and every code. Those who do not abide by the codes are inevitably cursed by the Gods. The two most prominent codes of behavior depicted throughout this epic are loyalty and hospitality.
Loyalty is one of the most important codes of behavior depicted in this epic. In The Odyssey, loyalty plays a significant role which extends far beyond the relationship between the King and his subjects, but also the relationship between the Gods and mortals. In this epic, loyalty is not just simply about showing respect in front of those of a higher power, but also when one is not in their presence as well. This aspect of loyalty is clearly disregarded when it comes to the King and his subjects. A King is supposed to protect and defend his kingdom, and that is exactly what Odysseus planned to do when he departed for Troy. Following Odysseus’ departure from Ithaca, his subjects began to ransack his palace and fondle his servants. Not only did his subjects become disorderly, but they also began to ignore the Queen and Telemachos’ commands, clearly giving off the impression that they do not respect their King.
“...all these men are after my mother for marriage, and wear my house out. And she does not refuse the hateful matter, nor is she able to make an end to the matter...” (Book 1, Line 248-249).
In the aspect of mortals being loyal to the Gods and vice versa, mortals are supposed to show their loyalty by making animal sacrifices using the best meat on the animal, pouring wine on the ground, praying and building temples. Gods on the other hand are supposed to provide mortals with guidance and advice when they are in need. For example, in book seven Athene disguises herself as a child and guides Odysseus to the palace of Alkinoos. Athene also advises Odysseus in which whom he should speak to when he reaches the kingdom.
Fidelity is also another significant aspect of loyalty revealed in this epic. The main, most important act of faithfulness is between Penelope and Odysseus. Considering the fact that Odysseus had been away for twenty years and the suitors planned on raiding his palace until Penelope chose a new spouse, Penelope never once betrayed her husband to ease her struggles. As shown in book two, Penelope deceives her suitors by unweaving the shroud she had been publicly weaving for the past three years.
Another extremely important code of behavior outlined in this epic is the code of hospitality which is more enforced by Zeus. The hospitality code simply states that the host is supposed to provide their guest with entertainment, food, wine, protection, a bed and parting gifts. Hosts are supposed to provide their guests with all of these lavish essentials before they obtain the name of their guest. On the guests behalf, they are supposed to render their personal information to their host. The information they should bestow upon their host is their name, their fathers name, where they are from, the purpose of their journey, and most importantly, gratitude towards their host. An example of well displayed gratitude is when Telemachos and Peisistratos arrive in Sparta at the home of Menelaos and Helen.
“Help yourselves to the food and welcome, and then afterward, when you have tasted dinner, we shall ask you who among men you are, for the stock of your parents can be no lost one...” (Book 4, line 60-62).
Upon conclusion of the first half of The Odyssey, several different codes of behaviors have been displayed. The two most prominent codes being loyalty and hospitality. The mortals in this epic know very well that their fate is dependent upon how they adhere to the codes of behaviors. Many do adhere to the codes, but some tend to stray away which inevitably leads to trouble. Throughout this epic, those who have decided to disobey the codes of behavior have suffered greatly and those who obey the codes of behavior, often receive the help that they desire. The codes of behavior that are set forth in this epic are all for the good of the mortals, but some do not realize that the Gods are actually looking out for their well-being.
Throughout life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. Heroism extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities of a hero.
To be a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery entails being able to defy great odds. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero steps in; the hero encourages and reassures those in danger. A truly brave man assesses the situation at hand and then creates a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will offer him gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to ultimately benefit himself and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others. As displayed in Book X, Odysseus’ men have been turned into pigs by Circe and the only way for them to be changed back into humans is for Circe to do so. Odysseus is informed by Hermes that he will have to eat an herb Moly to protect himself against Circe’s drug and then lunge at her. Odysseus states, “...drawing from beside my thigh the sharp sword, rushed forward against Circe as if I were going to kill her...” (X, 321-322). In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to use his wits to trick Circe. He lunges towards her to make her believe he is going to kill her, but in actuality he knows that she will see how charming he looks and fall in love with him. He shows his loyalty to his crew by putting his own fidelity at risk.
Another heroic quality that Odysseus possesses is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many creatures and successfully withdraws himself and most of his men from the creatures and their dangers; although towards the middle of the epic Odysseus loses all of his men. In Books IX and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections to reach his goal of being back home with his beloved wife and son. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitor’s rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that in order to be successful, he must wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
A significant factor that disqualifies an individual from being considered heroic is harming an innocent individual. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if he or she does not harm him or his loyal crew first. Only when his crew is in great danger does Odysseus step in and protect them. There is a significant difference between protection and self-defense and Odysseus knows exactly the right time for both.
Throughout our lives, we are unaware of what a heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is bravery, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and the possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only demonstrates these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Revision Discussion 3:
In Othello, Iago is quite a mischievous character. Iago portrays the image of a sincere, hardworking, loving man, but in reality, he is the complete opposite. From the first act of this play, Iago shows the jealous man he truly is. Every action Iago takes, there is a motive behind it; the action and motive are only to benefit himself, despite what he tells others. Iago’s goal is ultimately to avenge the supposed intercourse that Othello and Iago’s wife took part in. Iago’s talent of being able to manipulate individuals well is depicted through his use of language and manipulating individuals is the key to all of his goals.
In the first act of Othello, Roderigo is upset with Iago because Iago has not yet made Desdemona fall in love with him and has also received the news that Desdemona and Othello have wedded. Iago has tricked Roderigo into giving him money to supposedly bathe Desdemona in lavish gifts so that she will fall in love with Roderigo. In actuality, Iago has not once purchased a gift for Desdemona and has been spending Roderigo’s money on himself. To convince Roderigo that he is doing his best to make Desdemona fall in love with him and that he truly does despise Othello, Iago persuades Roderigo to disguise himself and join him, Othello and others on their journey to Cyprus. Iago persuades Roderigo by saying, “/Put money in thy purse. /Follow thou the wars; defeat thy favor with an unsurped bears. /I say, put money in thy purse” (1.3.342-346). Iago is simply manipulating Roderigo for his money and his own grudge on Othello.
Upon successfully persuading Roderigo to disguise himself and go to Cyprus, his next goal is have the honorable Cassio removed from the Lieutenant position. To have this occur, Iago conjures a plan for Cassio to become inebriated and then commit a crime so vicious that Othello will name Iago Lieutenant instead. Iago states, “If I can fasten but one cup upon him, /With that which he hath drunk tonight already, /He’ll be as full of quarrel and offense/” (2.3. 45-48). Iago’s goal is to change Othello’s perception of who Cassio is. Othello looks at Cassio with honor and respect, but after the fight that Cassio started, Othello is now disgusted with Cassio. Iago successfully changed Cassio’s image from a respectable man to a drunken fool.
With Cassio now out of the picture, Othello now looks at Iago with honor and respect and believes every word he says. Ultimately, Iago wants to “be evened with Othello, wife for wife” (2.1.286) with Othello. To do so Iago exploits Othello’s lack of knowing the difference between appearance versus reality. Now as Othello’s right hand man, Iago is able to feed him lies about Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed relationship. When Othello learns that Cassio has had a dream about Desdemona and held her hand earlier in Cyprus, Othello is overwhelmed with anger. Iago knows that he must prove it to Othello and he does so by placing the handkerchief Othello gave Desdemona in Cassio’s possession. Along with the handkerchief, Iago also hides Othello while he and Cassio speak about a prostitute Cassio has been seeing causing Othello to think that they are talking about Desdemona. Iago is able to further persuade Othello into believing his web of lies by attempting to defend Cassio, thereby making Othello believe that Iago is a truly noble individual.
Time and time again, Iago is able to mask his true identity. He is able to create lie after lie without anyone knowing the real truth. Iago’s amazing ability to divide and conquer truly sets the tone for this play. In addition, Iago is also able to exploit reputations which is an extremely important aspect of daily life for these individuals. Iago’s extreme jealousy is to blame for his demise; he finally becomes caught in his web of lies.
2nd Revision of Discussion 2:
Throughout life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. Heroism extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual nor should he or she be arrogant. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities of a hero.
To be a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery entails being able to defy great odds. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero steps in; the hero encourages and reassures those in danger. A truly brave man assesses the situation at hand and then creates a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will bathe him in gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to ultimately benefit himself and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others. Sometimes, a heroic individual will have to make tough decisions in order to benefit the majority. As displayed in Book XII, Odysseus is faced with the challenging decision to choose the route of either Skylla or Charybdis. Odysseus knows that he will have to sacrifice the lives of himself and some men in order to make it out of the treacherous conditions alive. Odysseus states, “We in fear of destruction kept our eyes on Charybdis, but meanwhile Skylla out of the hollow vesicle snatched six of my companions, the best of them for strength and hands’ work, and when I turned to look at the ship, with my other companions, I saw their feet and hands from below, already lifted high above me and they cried out to me and called me by name, the last time they ever did it in heart’s sorrow” (XII, 244-250). In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to risk the lives of himself and some crew members, but as a hero he knows it is better to lose six rather than all. He also shows his loyalty to his crew by putting his own life in danger as well.
Another heroic quality that Odysseus possesses is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many creatures and successfully withdraws himself and most of his men from the creatures and their dangers. Although towards the end of the epic, Odysseus loses all of his men. In Books IX and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections for the pure thought of being back home with his beloved wife and son. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitor’s rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that in order to be successful, he must wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
A significant factors that disqualifies an individual from being considered heroic is harming an innocent individual. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if he or she do not harm him or his loyal crew first. Only when his crew is in great danger does Odysseus step in and protect them. There is a significant difference between protection and mutilation and Odysseus knows exactly the right time for both.
Throughout our lives, we are unaware of what a heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is bravery, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and the possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only demonstrates these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Discussion 3:
In Othello, Iago is quite a mischievous character. Iago portrays the image of a sincere, hardworking, loving man, but in reality, he is the complete opposite. From the first act of this play, Iago shows his true colors. Every action Iago takes, there is a motive behind it; the action and motive are only to benefit himself, despite what he tells others. Iago’s goal is ultimately to avenge the supposed intercourse that Othello and Iago’s wife took part in. Iago’s talent of being able to manipulate individuals well is depicted through his use of language. Iago’s talent of being able to manipulate individuals is the key to all of his goals.
In the first act of Othello, Roderigo is upset with Iago because Iago has not yet made Desdemona fall in love with him and has also received the news that Desdemona and Othello have also wedded. Iago has tricked Roderigo into giving him money to supposedly bathe Desdemona in lavish gifts so that she will fall in love with Roderigo. In actuality, Iago has not once purchased a gift for Desdemona and has been spending Roderigo’s money on himself. To further convince Roderigo that he is doing his best to make Desdemona fall in love with him and that he truly does despise Othello; Iago persuades Roderigo to disguise himself and join he, Othello and others on their journey to Cyprus.
Iago persuades Roderigo by saying, “...Put money in thy purse. Follow thou the wars; defeat thy favor with an unsurped bears. I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be long that Desdemona should continue her love to the Moor-put money in thy purse-nor he his to her” (1.3 342-346). Iago is simply manipulating Roderigo for his money and his own grudge on Othello.
Upon successfully persuading Roderigo to disguise himself and go to Cyprus, his next goal is have the honorable Cassio removed from the Lieutenant possession. To have this occur, Iago conjures a plan for Cassio to become inebriated and then commit a crime so defiant that Othello names Iago Lieutenant instead. Iago states, “If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk tonight already, He’ll be as full of quarrel and offense As my young mistress’ dog...” (2.3 45-48). Iago’s goal is to change Othello’s perception of who Cassio is. Othello looks at Cassio with honor and respect, but after the fight that Cassio started, Othello is now disgusted with Cassio. Iago successfully changed Cassio’s image from a respectable man to a beast.
With Cassio now out of the picture, Othello now looks at Iago with honor and respect and believes every word he says. Ultimately, Iago wants to go “wife for wife” (2.1 286) with Othello, to do so Iago manipulates Othello’s lack of knowing the difference between appearance versus reality. Now as Othello’s right hand man, Iago is now able to feed him all the lies he has created in his mind about Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed relationship. When Othello learns that Cassio has had a dream about Desdemona and held her hand earlier in Cyprus, Othello is overwhelmed with anger. Iago knows that he must prove it to Othello and he does so by placing the handkerchief Othello gave Desdemona in Cassios possession. Along with the handkerchief, Iago also hides Othello while he and Cassio speak about a prostitute Cassio has been seeing causing Othello to think that they are talking about Desdemona. Iago is able to further persuade Othello into believing his web of lies by attempting to defend Cassio. Thus making Othello believe that Iago is a truly noble individual.
Time and time again, Iago is able to mask his true identity. He is able to create lie after lie without anyone knowing the real truth. Iago’s amazing ability to divide and conquer truly sets the tone for this play. Along with being able to divide and conquer, Iago is also able to exploit reputations which is an extremely important aspect of daily life for these individuals. Iagos extreme jealousy is the only one to blame for his demise, he finally became caught in his web of lies.
Revision Discussion 2:
Throughout life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. Heroism extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual nor should he or she be arrogant. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities of a hero.
To be a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery is being able to defy great odds. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero steps in; the hero encourages and reassures those in danger. A truly brave man assesses the situation at hand and then creates a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will bathe him in gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to hopefully ultimately benefit he and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others. Sometimes, a heroic individual will have to make tough decisions in order to benefit the majority. As displayed in Book XII, Odysseus is faced with the challenging decision to choose the route of either Skylla or Charybdis. Odysseus knows that he will have to sacrifice the lives of some men in order to make it out of the treacherous conditions alive.
Odysseus states, “We in fear of destruction kept our eyes on Charybdis, but meanwhile Skylla out of the hollow vesicle snatched six of my companions, the best of them for strength and hands’ work, and when I turned to look at the ship, with my other companions, I saw their feet and hands from below, already lifted high above me and they cried out to me and called me by name, the last time they ever did it in heart’s sorrow” (XII, 244-250). In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to risk the lives of some crew members, but as a hero he knows it is better to lose six rather than all.
Another heroic quality that Odysseus possesses is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many inhumane creatures and successfully withdraws he and his men from the creatures and their dangers. In Books IX and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections for the excitement of being back home with his beloved wife and son. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitors rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that good things come to those who wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
Several factors that disqualify an individual from being considered heroic are harming an innocent individual and being arrogant. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if they do not harm him or his loyal crew first. Odysseus also conquers many challenges that are deemed impossible by others. Never once does he boast or brag about his accomplishments. Odysseus conquers all because he is a loyal individual and wants to make it back home to his family, not because he wants others to fear him.
Throughout our lives, our image of a hero is shadowed by their stature and magical qualities. We are unaware of what a truly heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is being brave, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only demonstrates these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Discussion 2:
Throughout one’s life, the heroic figures we are exposed to are large, muscular men that fly around to rescue desperate individuals. That cartoon image is embedded into our heads at such a young age and remains with us throughout our lives. A heroic figure extends far beyond stature and magic powers, however. A heroic individual in my opinion is brave, willing to complete any task for the safety of others and has extreme endurance. Nevertheless, a heroic figure should never cause pain to an innocent individual nor should they be arrogant. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus possesses and demonstrates all the qualities that consider him to be heroic.
To be qualified as a brave individual, one must be able to look at the bright side of a dark situation and complete the task at hand. Bravery is being able to defy the odds when the odds are against the hero. When all others are terrified in a given situation, a hero will step in; the hero will encourage and reassure those in danger. A truly brave man will assess the situation at hand and then create a plan to succeed. Time and time again, Odysseus shows how brave he truly is. As depicted in Book IX, Odysseus arrives on the land of the Cyclopes and decides to enter an unknown cave. Odysseus makes this brave decision to see if the occupant will bathe him in gifts that he and his crew can utilize during the remainder of their trip. Odysseus is well aware of the potential dangers that lurk ahead, but makes this brave decision to hopefully ultimately benefit he and his men. Odysseus’ men beg him not to enter the cave, but he knows there is potential that the Cyclopes can benefit them and that is a risk he is willing to take.
In addition to being brave, heroism is also the willingness to complete any task to benefit the well-being of others and complete the mission at hand. Sometimes in situations, a heroic individual will have to make tough decisions in order to benefit the majority. As displayed in Book XII, Odysseus is faced with the challenging decision to choose the route of either Skylla or Charybdis. Odysseus knows that he will have to sacrifice the lives of some men in order to make it out of the treacherous conditions alive.
Odysseus states, “We in fear of destruction kept our eyes on Charybdis, but meanwhile Skylla out of the hollow vesicle snatched six of my companions, the best of them for strength and hands’ work, and when I turned to look at the ship, with my other companions, I saw their feet and hands from below, already lifted high above me and they cried out to me and called me by name, the last time they ever did it in heart’s sorrow” (XII, 244-250).
In Odysseus’ statement, he knows that he will have to risk the lives of some crew members, but as a hero he knows it is better to lose six rather than all.
Another heroic quality that I consider Odysseus to possess is endurance. Throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus shows endurance not only on his voyage but when he is home in Ithaca as well. On his journey, he encounters many inhumane creatures and successfully retreats he and his men from the creatures and their dangers. In Books XI and XII, Odysseus not only encounters the Cyclops and the Sirens, but also Skylla and Charybdis. Odysseus exhibits endurance throughout these sections for the thought of being back home with his beloved wife. Once he is at home, he then has to exhibit even more endurance. Upon arrival, he is stunned with the behavior of his subjects. He knows that the only way to reclaim his kingdom is to wait and endure the suitors rude behavior and actions. Odysseus knows that good things come to those who wait and that is exactly what he plans to do.
Several factors that disqualify an individual from being considered heroic are harming an innocent individual and being arrogant. Throughout this epic, Odysseus never once harms an individual if they do not harm he or his loyal crew first. Odysseus also conquers many challenges that are deemed impossible by others. Never once does he boast or brag about his accomplishments. Odysseus conquers all because he is a loyal individual and wants to make it back home to his family, not because he wants others to fear him.
Throughout our lives, our image of a hero is shadowed by their appearance. We are unaware of what a heroic individual truly is until we encounter one. Heroism in my opinion is being brave, the willingness to complete any task for the safety of others and possession of extreme endurance. Odysseus not only obtains these three heroic qualities, but many more as well. Hero is a word that is not often used freely, but in Odysseus’ case it should be. He is a hero in more aspect that one.
Revision of discussion 1:
Throughout the first half of The Odyssey, there are several codes of behavior that are displayed. The codes of behavior are set forth by the gods, and all mortals are expected to follow the codes. The fate of each mortal is determined based upon their ability to follow each and every code. Those who do not abide by the codes are inevitably cursed. The two most prominent codes of behavior depicted throughout this epic are loyalty and hospitality.
Loyalty is one of the most important codes of behavior depicted in this epic. In The Odyssey, loyalty plays a significant role which extends far beyond the relationship between the King and his subjects, but also the relationship between the gods and mortals. In this epic, loyalty is not just simply about showing respect in front of those of a higher power, and when one is not in their presence as well. This aspect of loyalty is clearly disregarded when it comes to the King and his subjects. A King is supposed to protect and defend his kingdom, and that is exactly what Odysseus planned to do when he departed for Troy. Following Odysseus’ departure from Ithaca, the suitors began to ransack his palace and take part in sexual acts with his servants. Not only did his subjects become disorderly, but they also began to ignore the Queen and Telemachos’ commands, clearly giving off the impression that they do not respect their King. In book one, Telemachos and Athene are speaking and Telemachos describes what is happening in the kingdom since Odysseus has been away for so long.
Telemachos states, “...all these men are after my mother for marriage, and wear my house out. And she does not refuse the hateful matter, nor is she able to make an end to the matter...” (I, 248-249).
In the aspect of mortals being loyal to the Gods and vice versa, mortals are supposed to show their loyalty by making animal sacrifices using the best meat of the animal, pouring wine on the ground, praying and building temples. Gods on the other hand are supposed to provide mortals with guidance and advice when they are in need. For example, in book seven Athene disguises herself as a child and guides Odysseus to the palace of Alkinoos. Athene also advises Odysseus whom he should speak to when he reaches the kingdom.
Fidelity is another significant aspect of loyalty revealed in this epic. The main, most important act of faithfulness is between Penelope and Odysseus. Despite the fact that Odysseus had been away for twenty years and the suitors planned on raiding his palace until Penelope chose a new spouse, Penelope never once betrayed her husband to ease her struggles. As shown in book two, Penelope deceives her suitors by unweaving the shroud she had been publicly weaving for the past three years.
Another extremely important code of behavior illustrated in this epic is the code of hospitality which is enforced by Zeus. The hospitality code simply states that the host is supposed to provide his guest with entertainment, food, wine, protection, a bed and parting gifts. Hosts are supposed to provide their guests with all of these lavish essentials before they obtain the name of their guest. On the guest’s part, they are supposed to render their personal information to their host. The information they should bestow upon their host is their name, their father’s name, where they are from, the purpose of their journey, and most importantly, gratitude towards their host. An example of well displayed hospitality is when Telemachos and Peisistratos arrive in Sparta at the home of Menelaos and Helen.
Menelaos states, “Help yourselves to the food and welcome, and then afterward, when you have tasted dinner, we shall ask you who among men you are, for the stock of your parents can be no lost one...” (IV, 60-62).
Upon conclusion of the first half of The Odyssey, several different codes of behaviors have been displayed. The two most prominent codes being loyalty and hospitality. The mortals in this epic know very well that their fate is dependent upon how they adhere to the codes of behaviors. Many do adhere to the codes, but some tend to stray away which inevitably leads to trouble. Throughout this epic, those who have decided to disobey the codes of behavior have suffered greatly and those who obey the codes of behavior, often receive the help that they desire. The codes of behavior that are set forth in this epic are all for the good of the mortals, but some do not realize that the Gods are actually looking out for their well-being.
Discussion 1
Throughout the first half of The Odyssey, there are several codes of behavior that are displayed. The codes of behavior are set forth by the Gods, and all mortals are expected to follow the codes. The fate of each mortal is determined based upon their ability to follow each and every code. Those who do not abide by the codes are inevitably cursed by the Gods. The two most prominent codes of behavior depicted throughout this epic are loyalty and hospitality.
Loyalty is one of the most important codes of behavior depicted in this epic. In The Odyssey, loyalty plays a significant role which extends far beyond the relationship between the King and his subjects, but also the relationship between the Gods and mortals. In this epic, loyalty is not just simply about showing respect in front of those of a higher power, but also when one is not in their presence as well. This aspect of loyalty is clearly disregarded when it comes to the King and his subjects. A King is supposed to protect and defend his kingdom, and that is exactly what Odysseus planned to do when he departed for Troy. Following Odysseus’ departure from Ithaca, his subjects began to ransack his palace and fondle his servants. Not only did his subjects become disorderly, but they also began to ignore the Queen and Telemachos’ commands, clearly giving off the impression that they do not respect their King.
“...all these men are after my mother for marriage, and wear my house out. And she does not refuse the hateful matter, nor is she able to make an end to the matter...” (Book 1, Line 248-249).
In the aspect of mortals being loyal to the Gods and vice versa, mortals are supposed to show their loyalty by making animal sacrifices using the best meat on the animal, pouring wine on the ground, praying and building temples. Gods on the other hand are supposed to provide mortals with guidance and advice when they are in need. For example, in book seven Athene disguises herself as a child and guides Odysseus to the palace of Alkinoos. Athene also advises Odysseus in which whom he should speak to when he reaches the kingdom.
Fidelity is also another significant aspect of loyalty revealed in this epic. The main, most important act of faithfulness is between Penelope and Odysseus. Considering the fact that Odysseus had been away for twenty years and the suitors planned on raiding his palace until Penelope chose a new spouse, Penelope never once betrayed her husband to ease her struggles. As shown in book two, Penelope deceives her suitors by unweaving the shroud she had been publicly weaving for the past three years.
Another extremely important code of behavior outlined in this epic is the code of hospitality which is more enforced by Zeus. The hospitality code simply states that the host is supposed to provide their guest with entertainment, food, wine, protection, a bed and parting gifts. Hosts are supposed to provide their guests with all of these lavish essentials before they obtain the name of their guest. On the guests behalf, they are supposed to render their personal information to their host. The information they should bestow upon their host is their name, their fathers name, where they are from, the purpose of their journey, and most importantly, gratitude towards their host. An example of well displayed gratitude is when Telemachos and Peisistratos arrive in Sparta at the home of Menelaos and Helen.
“Help yourselves to the food and welcome, and then afterward, when you have tasted dinner, we shall ask you who among men you are, for the stock of your parents can be no lost one...” (Book 4, line 60-62).
Upon conclusion of the first half of The Odyssey, several different codes of behaviors have been displayed. The two most prominent codes being loyalty and hospitality. The mortals in this epic know very well that their fate is dependent upon how they adhere to the codes of behaviors. Many do adhere to the codes, but some tend to stray away which inevitably leads to trouble. Throughout this epic, those who have decided to disobey the codes of behavior have suffered greatly and those who obey the codes of behavior, often receive the help that they desire. The codes of behavior that are set forth in this epic are all for the good of the mortals, but some do not realize that the Gods are actually looking out for their well-being.